-- W 05 -- Word Relationships

-- W 05 -- Word Relationships

Chapter 4: Other Useful English Words

This chapter presents a variety of words that college students have identified as important to their reading. The author's classes collected them from textbooks, newspapers, magazines, and the media. You, too, should find them valuable additions to your vocabulary.

Chapter Strategy: Context Clues of Opposition

Chapter Words

Part 1 accolade cryptic mandatory augment fabricate meticulous chivalrous indulge obsolete complacent jeopardize zealous

Part 2 adulation discretion pinnacle chronological euphemism procrastinate copious mammoth successive cultivate mitigating withstand

Chapter 4
accolade	great praise (noun)
augment	to increase (verb)
chivalrous	having qualities of honor; including courtesy, bravery, and loyalty (adjective)
complacent	overly self–satisfied (adjective)
cryptic	puzzling; mysterious in meaning (adjective)
fabricate	to construct or manufacture (verb)
indulge	to pamper; to yield to desires (verb)
jeopardize	to risk loss or danger (verb)
mandatory	required; commanded (adjective)
meticulous	extremely careful; concerned with details (adjective)
obsolete	no longer in use; outmoded; old–fashioned (adjective)
zealous	extremely dedicated or enthusiastic (adjective)

Chapter 4 adulation extreme admiration or flattery (noun) chronological arranged in order of time, from first to last (adjective) copious plentiful; abundant (adjective) cultivate to grow deliberately; to develop (verb) discretion good judgment; the ability to keep secrets and avoid embarrassment (noun) euphemism a more positive word or phrase substituted for a negative one (noun) mammoth huge; very large (adjective) mitigating making less severe or intense; moderating (adjective) pinnacle top; highest point (noun) procrastinate to delay; to put off (verb) successive following one after another without interruption (adjective) withstand not to surrender; to bear (the force of) (verb)

	Interactive Activities
	Choose your chapter from the Table of Contents. Each chapter has multiple choice, reading passage, idiom, pretest, and vocabulary exercises.

	Live Links
	Click on these links to go to the websites referred to in the chapter. Live Links More new words: http://www.m-w.com/info/new_words.htm http://www.randomhouse.com/words/newwords/99_index.html http://www.wordspy.com More euphemisms: http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/euphemism.html

Trivia

Check out this additional fun information about chapter words and topics. New words enter English all the time. The creator of the Oxford English Dictionary, James Murray (see the note for Chapter 1), might be shocked to see these new entries for 2006: agroterrorism: n. terrorist acts intended to disrupt or damage a country's agriculture blowback: n. the unintended adverse (bad) results of a political action or situation hoody: (also hoodie) n.· informal. a person, especially a youth, wearing a hooded top zombie n.3. a computer controlled by a hacker without the owner's knowledge, which is made to send large quantities of data to a website, making it inaccessible (not usable) to other users. (This is a new definition for a word that already existed in English.) You can find more at http://www.askoxford.com/worldofwords/newwords/?view=uk Obsolete inventions multiply in today’s fast-moving world. An article in Discover Magazine by Eric Haseltine titled “20 Things That Will Be Obsolete in 20 Years” appeared in 2000. Some of the things he expected to become obsolete are writing your signature on a real document, CDs, VCRs, DVDs, software stores, video stores, junk mail, and plastic wrap. Do you agree with this list? Are any of these items already obsolescent? Chivalry seems to live on, at least in some places. According to one report, a School of Chivalry has been founded in Poland. Classes have been held in Golub-Dobrzyn, an ancient castle. Students learn the ancient chivalrous arts, including fighting with swords, bows, and axes. But they also must learn more gentle arts of history and tradition. They learn to be gallant, bowing before ladies and kissing their hands. Before fights, each knight kneels before a woman in the audience and promises that he will give her what he wins. When students graduate from the school, they join the Brotherhood of the Sword and Crossbows. Discretion has two meanings. The first is “ good judgment; the ability to keep secrets and avoid embarrassment.” Here are some quotes that refer to this meaning: Discretion is being able to raise your eyebrow instead of your voice.